Perennials, 30-150 cm; taprooted caudices or runner roots. Stems 1-several, erect or ascending, glabrous to thinly arachnoid-tomentose with fine non-septate trichomes and/or villous with septate trichomes, sometimes ± glabrate; branches 0-many, ascending. Leaves: blades oblong-elliptic, 3-40 × 1-13 cm, unlobed and spinulose to shallowly lobed or divided nearly to midvein, lobes few-many, ovate to linear-acuminate, often again lobed or divided, main spines 2-30 mm, abaxial faces green, glabrous to densely gray tomentose, sometimes midveins villous with septate trichomes, adaxial green, glabrous to gray-tomentose, sometimes glabrate; basal sometimes present at flowering, unlobed to deeply spiny-lobed, winged-petiolate or sessile; principal cauline sessile, well distributed, gradually diminished distally, bases sometimes decurrent as spiny wings to 2.5 cm or clasping; distalmost sometimes ± bractlike. Heads 1-100+, erect, in corymbiform or paniculiform arrays. Peduncles 0-15 cm. Involucres cylindric or ovoid to campanulate, 1.5-4 × 1-2.5 cm (body), loosely arachnoid or ± glabrous. Phyllaries in 7-9 series, imbricate, green or the inner reddish to rich reddish purple, ovate or lanceolate (outer) to linear (inner), margins of outer entire, abaxial faces often with narrow, inconspicuous glutinous ridge; outer and mid bodies appressed, short, entire, apices spreading to ascending, inconspicuous to long, narrow, entire or minutely ciliolate, spines erect to reflexed (outer) to ascending (inner), slender to stout, cylindric or basally flattened, 1-30 mm; apices of inner unarmed or with straight or flexuous spines, short, flat. Corollas pink to red, lavender, or purple (white), 25-31 mm, tubes 7-12.5 mm, throats 1.5-8.5 mm, lobes 10-17 mm; style tips 1-4 mm. Cypselae brown, 3.5-7 mm, apical collars stramineous, 0.2-0.3 mm; pappi 17-28 mm. 2n = 30, 32, 34. The Cirsium arizonicum complex is widely distributed from the Sierra Nevada, White Mountains, and New York Mountains of eastern California across the mountains of the southern Great Basin and Colorado Plateau to the mountains of eastern Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. This group of plants comprises a series of intergrading races with intricately overlapping patterns of variation. For plants that I am treating as C. arizonicum (in the broad sense), F. Petrak (1917) recognized three species, one with a variety and two subspecies plus his unstated type subspecies and variety. R. J. Moore and C. Frankton (1974b) revised the complex, recognizing six species, three of them newly described, for the plants I treat as C. arizonicum plus C. turneri, which I do not include in C. arizonicum. P. L. Barlow-Irick (2002), in a work focused on statistical analyses of variation patterns, recognized six species also, but circumscribed very differently from those of Moore and Frankton. Two of the species proposed by Barlow-Irick have not been formally described.

I have wrestled with how to treat these plants since beginning my research for this treatment. After careful consideration of the complex patterns of variation among members of the C. arizonicum complex, I acknowledged the futility of trying to distinguish more than one species. Any character combinations that I or others have attempted to use to distinguish species break down hopelessly when enough specimens are examined. Instead I have chosen to recognize that in this complex, as in several others, the plants in question are a work of evolution in progress. Cirsium arizonicum is a rapidly evolving, only partially differentiated assemblage of races that have not reached the level of stability that is usually associated with the concept of species. Certainly there is much variation within the group that deserves a level of taxonomic recognition, or at least should be mentioned, but I think it much more prudent to recognize varieties-entities that may be expected to freely intergrade-rather than species. The geographic area where these plants occur, the highlands of the American Southwest, has had a turbulent history in the Quaternary with major shifts in climate, vegetation, and elevational zonation accompanying the vicissitudes of glacial and interglacial episodes. The complicated patterns of variation in C. arizonicum reflect both that history and t

Plant: Perennial 2-10 dm; taproot ± woody; stem erect, often > 1 from base, thinly tomentose or ± glabrous Leaves: ± tomentose (especially below), becoming ± glabrous; lower 1-2 dm, tapered to spiny-winged petioles, oblong-obovate, ± lobed, lobes generally further lobed or toothed, main spines 5-15 mm; middle and upper not strongly reduced, clasping or short-decurrent INFLORESCENCE: primary inflorescence a head, each resembling a flower; heads discoid, generally few, short-peduncled, ± closely subtended by uppermost leaves; involucres 3-4 cm, 1.5-2 cm diam when fresh, cylindric or narrowly ovoid, sparsely tomentose; phyllaries linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, generally erect or ascending, outer and middle tipped with spines 10-20+ mm, inner with tips flat or short-spined, straight, often red or purple, puberulent Flowers: exserted; corollas 30-34 mm, red, tube 7-9 mm, slender, throat 11-14 mm, lobes linear, 12-13 mm; anther bases sharply sagittate, tips oblong; style tip with slightly swollen node, appendage (above node) long, cylindric, branches very short Fruit: 4-6 mm, ± compressed, shiny brown, ovoid, glabrous; scar slightly angled; pappus 24-28 mm, bristles many, plumose